12 mins read ·
24 questions
Relate receptor selectivity to representative agonists (adrenaline, noradrenaline, isoprenaline, phenylephrine, clonidine, dobutamine, salbutamol) and antagonists (prazosin, phentolamine, propranolol, atenolol, labetalol) at an introductory level.
11 mins read ·
13 questions
Describe transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction (NM receptors, end-plate potential).
12 mins read ·
16 questions
Distinguish non-depolarising (tubocurarine, atracurium, rocuronium) from depolarising (suxamethonium) neuromuscular blockers, including phase I and phase II block and reversal (anticholinesterases, sugammadex).
10 mins read ·
12 questions
Define NANC transmission and co-transmission; give examples of NANC mediators (ATP, adenosine, nitric oxide, VIP, neuropeptide Y, substance P, CGRP) and the tissues in which they act.
11 mins read ·
13 questions
Describe purinergic signalling: release and inactivation of ATP and adenosine; P1 (A₁, A₂A, A₂B, A₃) and P2 (P2X ionotropic, P2Y metabotropic) receptors.
12 mins read ·
17 questions
Relate purinergic pharmacology to drugs in use: methylxanthines (caffeine, theophylline), adenosine, dipyridamole and P2Y₁₂ antagonists (clopidogrel).
12 mins read ·
15 questions
Describe nitric oxide as a NANC transmitter (e.g. penile erection, gastrointestinal relaxation) and link it to PDE5 inhibitors.
11 mins read ·
20 questions
Predict the net response to autonomic drugs in organs with dual innervation, including baroreceptor reflex responses (e.g. reflex bradycardia with phenylephrine; adrenaline reversal by α-blockade).
13 mins read ·
10 questions
Solve problem-based cases that integrate pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic and autonomic principles.