12 mins read ·
17 questions
Explain the factors affecting oral absorption; define bioavailability, bioequivalence and first-pass metabolism.
9 mins read ·
16 questions
Describe body fluid compartments and the factors that determine drug distribution: blood flow, lipid solubility, plasma-protein and tissue binding, and barriers (blood–brain barrier, placenta).
8 mins read ·
12 questions
Define apparent volume of distribution, calculate it (Vd = dose / C₀) and interpret large and small values.
12 mins read ·
8 questions
Explain the clinical relevance of plasma-protein binding (albumin, α₁-acid glycoprotein) and of displacement interactions.
13 mins read ·
11 questions
Describe redistribution as a determinant of the duration of action (e.g. thiopental).
11 mins read ·
13 questions
Describe phase I (oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis) and phase II (glucuronidation, sulfation, acetylation, glutathione conjugation, methylation) reactions and the properties of their products.
12 mins read ·
13 questions
Explain the role of the cytochrome P450 system (CYP3A4, 2D6, 2C9, 2C19, 1A2) and name common enzyme inducers and inhibitors.
13 mins read ·
17 questions
Explain the time course and consequences of enzyme induction and inhibition.
12 mins read ·
20 questions
Describe prodrugs, and active and toxic metabolites (e.g. paracetamol and NAPQI).
12 mins read ·
6 questions
Outline the effects of genetics (acetylator status, CYP2D6 polymorphism), age and liver disease on drug metabolism.
13 mins read ·
18 questions
Describe renal excretion: glomerular filtration, active tubular secretion and passive tubular reabsorption; explain the effect of urinary pH (e.g. urinary alkalinisation in salicylate poisoning).
12 mins read ·
15 questions
Describe biliary excretion and enterohepatic circulation, and minor routes (lungs, breast milk).