12 mins read ·
11 questions
Define renal clearance and relate it to glomerular filtration rate.
8 mins read ·
14 questions
Define clearance, elimination rate constant, half-life (t½ = 0.693 × Vd / CL) and area under the curve.
12 mins read ·
11 questions
Distinguish first-order from zero-order (saturation) kinetics, with examples (ethanol, phenytoin, high-dose aspirin).
10 mins read ·
15 questions
Interpret plasma concentration–time curves for an intravenous bolus, an oral dose and a constant infusion using a one-compartment model.
8 mins read ·
17 questions
Explain steady state, accumulation and the time to reach steady state (about 4–5 half-lives).
12 mins read ·
13 questions
Calculate loading and maintenance doses from Vd, CL, target concentration, dosing interval and bioavailability.
13 mins read ·
16 questions
Describe the principles of therapeutic drug monitoring and the significance of a narrow therapeutic index.
11 mins read ·
12 questions
Classify drug interactions as pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) or pharmacodynamic (additive, synergistic, antagonistic).
11 mins read ·
14 questions
Predict clinically important interactions from their mechanism (e.g. enzyme inducers with oral contraceptives, CYP inhibitors with warfarin, probenecid with penicillin).
10 mins read ·
14 questions
Compare the somatic efferent, autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and enteric nervous systems: anatomy, transmitters and receptors at each junction.
9 mins read ·
22 questions
Describe the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic activation on the major effector organs (eye, heart, blood vessels, bronchi, gut, bladder, glands) and the concept of dominant tone.
10 mins read ·
14 questions
Outline the steps of chemical neurotransmission, Dale's principle, co-transmission and presynaptic modulation.