10 mins read ·
9 questions
Describe nicotinic (NN) transmission in autonomic ganglia.
12 mins read ·
19 questions
Describe ganglion stimulants (nicotine) and blockers (hexamethonium, trimetaphan, mecamylamine), and predict their effects on each organ from its dominant autonomic tone.
9 mins read ·
11 questions
Describe the synthesis (choline acetyltransferase), vesicular storage, release and hydrolysis (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase) of acetylcholine.
11 mins read ·
11 questions
Identify the sites for drug action at the cholinergic synapse with an example drug for each: choline uptake (hemicholinium), vesicular storage (vesamicol), release (botulinum toxin), hydrolysis (reversible and irreversible anticholinesterases) and receptors.
9 mins read ·
5 questions
Classify muscarinic receptors (M₁–M₅) by location, G-protein coupling, effector mechanism and function.
12 mins read ·
19 questions
Describe muscarinic agonists (acetylcholine, methacholine, carbachol, bethanechol, pilocarpine): effects and uses.
12 mins read ·
8 questions
Describe muscarinic antagonists (atropine, hyoscine, ipratropium, tropicamide, oxybutynin): effects, uses and adverse effects; recognise anticholinergic toxicity.
13 mins read ·
20 questions
Describe organophosphate poisoning and its management with atropine and pralidoxime.
10 mins read ·
13 questions
Describe noradrenaline synthesis (tyrosine hydroxylase as the rate-limiting step), vesicular storage (VMAT), release and inactivation (uptake 1/NET, uptake 2, MAO, COMT).
13 mins read ·
16 questions
Identify pre- and post-junctional sites for drug action: α-methyltyrosine, reserpine, neuron-blocking drugs (guanethidine), α₂-autoreceptors, uptake inhibitors (cocaine, tricyclic antidepressants), and MAO and COMT inhibitors.
13 mins read ·
18 questions
Explain false transmitters (methyldopa → α-methylnoradrenaline) and indirectly acting sympathomimetic amines (tyramine, amphetamine, ephedrine), including the tyramine–MAOI interaction.
9 mins read ·
17 questions
Classify adrenoceptors (α₁, α₂, β₁, β₂, β₃) by location, G-protein coupling, second messenger and response.