DRUG ACTION AND RECEPTORS
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Time limit: 20 minutes
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Question 1
What is pharmacology primarily concerned with?
Explanation
Pharmacology is fundamentally the science of drug action, focusing on how drugs interact with and affect living systems.
Question 2
Which of the following describes an ideal drug?
Explanation
An ideal drug should be effective, reversible, and predictable, among other properties, but no drug is completely without side effects.
Question 3
What is the primary purpose of clinical pharmacology?
Explanation
Clinical pharmacology focuses on the study of drugs and their effects in human patients and volunteers.
Question 4
Which term refers to a drug's effectiveness at producing a response?
Explanation
Potency refers to the amount of drug needed to produce a specific effect, while efficacy relates to the drug's ability to produce that maximum effect.
Question 5
What is the main role of the G-protein coupled receptors?
Explanation
G-protein coupled receptors are involved in signal transduction, relaying extracellular signals into the cell.
Question 6
What defines the 'therapeutic index' of a drug?
Explanation
The therapeutic index is a measure of the safety of a drug, defined as the ratio between the toxic and effective doses.
Question 7
What is a primary characteristic of an antagonist drug?
Explanation
Antagonists bind to receptors but do not activate them, contrasting with agonists which do activate receptors.
Question 8
Which of the following is a source of drugs derived from microorganisms?
Explanation
Penicillin is derived from the mold Penicillium notatum, showcasing how microorganisms are a significant source of antibiotics.
Question 9
What does pharmacodynamics study?
Explanation
Pharmacodynamics focuses on how drugs affect the body and their mechanisms of action once they reach their site of action.
Question 10
Which of the following terms describes the maximum effect a drug can achieve?
Explanation
Emax denotes the maximum effect achievable by a drug, a key concept in dose-response relationships.
Question 11
What characteristic is associated with ligand-gated ion channels?
Explanation
Ligand-gated ion channels open when a ligand binds, allowing ions to flow across the membrane, thus initiating cellular responses.
Question 12
What describes a quanta data in a dose-response relationship?
Explanation
Quantal dose-response relationships show how a certain proportion of a population responds to a drug as a function of dosage.
Question 13
Which of the following is true regarding biopharmaceuticals?
Explanation
Biopharmaceuticals are drug products that are either derived from biological sources or produced through biotechnological processes.
Question 14
What is the primary function of therapeutic proteins in pharmacology?
Explanation
Therapeutic proteins like insulin are used to treat specific conditions effectively, showcasing their high level of specificity and efficacy.
Question 15
What happens during the process of drug desensitization?
Explanation
Desensitization refers to the decreased response to the same dose of a drug following repeated exposure.
Question 16
Which best describes the term 'additive effect' in pharmacology?
Explanation
An additive effect occurs when the combined effect of two drugs equals the sum of each drug's separate effects.
Question 17
Which property must a drug possess to be considered effective?
Explanation
Effectiveness refers specifically to a drug's ability to elicit the response that it was intended to achieve.
Question 18
What is the primary reason for studying pharmacology?
Explanation
The primary reason for studying pharmacology is to understand how drugs interact with living organisms, including their mechanisms of action and effects on biological systems.
Question 19
Which of the following terms describes a drug's potential to produce a desired effect at a given concentration?
Explanation
Potency refers to the amount of a drug needed to produce a specific effect, making it a measure of its affinity and effectiveness at a given concentration.
Question 20
What does the term 'therapeutic index' (TI) refer to in pharmacology?
Explanation
The therapeutic index (TI) is a measure of a drug's safety, calculated by the ratio of the median lethal dose (LD50) to the median effective dose (ED50).