Molecular
Carbohydrates Pathways Metabolism
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Question 1
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the human body?
Explanation
Carbohydrates are primarily used by the body as a quick source of energy, while fats are more suitable for long-term energy storage.
Question 2
Which metabolic pathway is primarily involved in the breakdown of glucose?
Explanation
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing energy in the process.
Question 3
Which of the following products is NOT a result of carbohydrate metabolism?
Explanation
Fatty acids are produced from the metabolism of fats, not carbohydrates. The other options are intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism.
Question 4
What is the significance of the electron transport chain in carbohydrate metabolism?
Explanation
The electron transport chain is crucial for generating ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, utilizing electrons derived from carbohydrate metabolism.
Question 5
Which hormone primarily regulates blood glucose levels?
Explanation
Insulin is the primary hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating cellular uptake of glucose.
Question 6
In the absence of oxygen, how do cells metabolize glucose?
Explanation
In anaerobic conditions, cells metabolize glucose through fermentation pathways, producing lactic acid or ethanol and regenerating NAD+.
Question 7
What is the role of dietary fiber, a complex carbohydrate, in human health?
Explanation
Dietary fiber aids in digestion, promotes gut health, and contributes to feelings of fullness without being digested into glucose.
Question 8
Which enzyme initiates the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth?
Explanation
Salivary amylase is the enzyme that begins the digestion of carbohydrates by breaking down starches into simpler sugars.
Question 9
What is gluconeogenesis?
Explanation
Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, primarily in the liver.
Question 10
Which of the following is a key product of carbohydrate metabolism that is further oxidized in the citric acid cycle?
Explanation
Pyruvate is a key product of glycolysis and is transformed into acetyl-CoA to enter the citric acid cycle for further energy extraction.
Question 11
What does the term 'glycogenesis' refer to?
Explanation
Glycogenesis is the process of synthesizing glycogen from glucose, primarily occurring in the liver and muscle tissues.
Question 12
Which of these carbohydrates cannot be digested by humans?
Explanation
Cellulose, a form of dietary fiber, cannot be digested by humans due to the lack of the necessary enzyme to break its bonds.
Question 13
Which process allows muscle cells to continue functioning during intense exercise when oxygen is low?
Explanation
During intense exercise with low oxygen supply, muscle cells rely on glycolysis followed by fermentation to produce ATP.
Question 14
Which carbohydrate is known as a simple sugar?
Explanation
Lactose is a disaccharide (a type of simple sugar), while starch, glycogen, and cellulose are complex carbohydrates.
Question 15
Which of the following best describes the primary role of carbohydrates in cellular metabolism?
Explanation
Carbohydrates primarily serve as a source of energy for cellular metabolism, especially through the process of glycolysis, where they are broken down to produce ATP, the energy currency of the cell.