Cell Adaptations

is involved.hypertrophied organ has no new cells, just larger cells. Theincreased size of the cells is due to the synthesis and assemblyof additional intracellular structural components. Cellscapable of division may respond to stress by undergoingboth hyperplasia (described later) and hypertrophy, whereasnondividing cells (e.g., myocardial fibers) increase tissuemass due to hypertrophy. In many...

Quiz Type

Practice

Subject

Pathology

Level

Level 200

Questions

10 questions

Created By

David Ibeh

Quick Rules

Time limit: 50 minutes
Multiple attempts are not allowed
All questions must be answered to submit

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Question 1 of 10

Question 1

Basic multiple choice Understanding

Which type of hypertrophy occurs in response to increased workload in muscles?

Pathologic hypertrophy

Correct

Physiologic hypertrophy

Compensatory hypertrophy

Initial hypertrophy

Explanation

Pathologic hypertrophy occurs when muscle cells respond to increased workload, typically leading to further health issues if sustained.

Question 2

Basic multiple choice Understanding

What primarily triggers the hypertrophy of the uterus during pregnancy?

Increased exercise

Estrogenic hormone signaling

Correct

Mechanical stretch from weight

Reduction of blood supply

Explanation

Uterine hypertrophy is stimulated by estrogenic hormones during pregnancy, which lead to enlargement of smooth muscle fibers.

Question 3

Basic multiple choice Remembering

What is a characteristic response to increased metabolic demands in individual cardiac muscle cells?

Hyperplasia

Hypertrophy

Correct

Atrophy

Apoptosis

Explanation

Cardiac muscle cells primarily respond to increased metabolic demands by undergoing hypertrophy, which enlarges the cells.

Question 4

Basic multiple choice Understanding

What distinguishes hyperplasia from hypertrophy?

Hyperplasia involves increasing size, while hypertrophy increases cell numbers

Hyperplasia involves an increase in the number of cells

Correct

Hyperplasia is always pathologic

Hypertrophy cannot be physiologic

Explanation

Hyperplasia is characterized by an increase in the number of cells, while hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of existing cells.

Question 5

Basic multiple choice Remembering

What is hypertrophy?

An increase in the number of cells

An increase in the size of individual cells

Correct

A decrease in cell size

The death of cells in an organ

Explanation

Hypertrophy refers to the increase in the size of individual cells, not the number of cells or a decrease in size.

Question 6

Complex multiple choice Understanding

A bodybuilder notices significant muscle growth after several months of increased training. This increase is primarily the result of cellular changes due to regular exercise. Which mechanism is responsible for the hypertrophy observed in his skeletal muscles?

Increased cell division in skeletal muscle fibers due to hormonal signals

Enlargement of existing muscle fibers through protein synthesis

Correct

Increased number of cells through hyperplasia driven by stress receptors

Reduction of myofilaments in the muscle fibers leading to hypertrophic responses

Explanation

The primary mechanism responsible for the hypertrophy observed in the bodybuilder's muscles is the enlargement of existing muscle fibers through protein synthesis as a response to the increased workload. This results from the action of growth factors and mechanical sensors, which stimulate increased protein production within the existing cells. The other options incorrectly attribute hypertrophy to cell division or misinterpret the changes in myofilament count and hyperplasia, which are not predominant in this scenario.

Question 7

Complex multiple choice Applying

A patient is diagnosed with pathologic hypertrophy of the heart due to chronic hypertension. Over time, the heart's ability to compensate deteriorates, eventually leading to heart failure. Which pathway initiated this pathologic change, and why might it become maladaptive?

Activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway improving muscle function

Stimulation of G-protein-coupled receptor pathways that increase contraction strength

Correct

Development of increased resting volume due to compensatory hyperplasia

Reduction of myocyte contractile proteins leading to improved function

Explanation

The correct pathway that initiated the pathologic change is the stimulation of G-protein-coupled receptor pathways, which leads to increased muscle mass and initial improvement in muscle strength. However, this becomes maladaptive because it ultimately results in excessive stress and degradation of myofibrillar elements, leading to heart failure. The other options incorrectly address the mechanisms involved or misrepresent the physiological processes, failing to connect the increased load to the eventual cardiac dysfunction.

Question 8

Case based multiple choice Understanding

[Case Scenario] A 60-year-old male patient presents with symptoms of hypertensive heart disease, showing signs of heart failure. Recent echocardiogram results indicate significant thickening of the left ventricle. The attending physician explains that this condition, known as cardiac hypertrophy, occurs because heart muscle cells (myocytes) respond to increased workload by growing larger without increasing in number. As the treatment plan is discussed, the physician highlights the role of various signaling pathways and growth factors in the development of hypertrophy. The patient expresses concern over the long-term impacts of this condition. Question: Which of the following statements best explains the eventual outcome of untreated pathologic cardiac hypertrophy in this patient?

The hypertrophied heart will continuously improve its function indefinitely, as larger cells can generate more force.

Once hypertrophy occurs, the heart can only return to normal size through surgical intervention.

Cardiac hypertrophy initially improves heart function, but over time the cardiac cells may undergo degenerative changes, leading to heart failure.

Correct

Pathologic cardiac hypertrophy primarily results from a decrease in the number of heart cells due to aging.

Explanation

In patients with pathologic cardiac hypertrophy, the heart muscle initially increases in size to cope with increased workload, improving function temporarily. However, over time, the heart cannot maintain this adaptation leading to potential degenerative changes and heart failure due to sustained stress on the myocardium.

Question 9

Case based multiple choice Understanding

[Case Scenario] A woman in her early thirties presents to her gynecologist with concerns about irregular menstrual bleeding. Upon examination, it's noted that she has endometrial hyperplasia, characterized by an increase in the number of endometrial cells. The gynecologist explains to her that this condition is often related to hormonal imbalances. It is highlighted that estrogen plays a crucial role in this proliferation process. The physician emphasizes the importance of addressing the hormonal imbalance to prevent further complications. Question: What is the most likely consequence of not addressing the hormonal imbalance causing the endometrial hyperplasia for this patient?

The hyperplasia is benign and will naturally regress without treatment.

Endometrial hyperplasia will lead to the formation of fibrous tissue in the endometrium.

The risk of developing endometrial cancer increases as a result of the sustained hormonal stimulation.

Correct

The regular menstrual cycle will resume naturally, eliminating the hyperplasia without any intervention.

Explanation

Endometrial hyperplasia is a response to hormonal imbalance, particularly excess estrogen. If left untreated, this condition can increase the risk of developing endometrial cancer, as continuous stimulation leads to excessive cell proliferation that may become dysregulated.

Question 10

Case based multiple choice Understanding

[Case Scenario] An athlete visits a sports medicine clinic due to frequent muscle strains. After assessment, the physician advises him on the importance of proper training to mitigate the risk of injury. The athlete learns that through consistent, increased workloads, his muscle fibers can undergo hypertrophy, enhancing strength. The doctor explains the difference between physiological hypertrophy from exercise and pathological changes that can happen in response to stressors or injuries. Question: Based on the information provided, how would the athlete best distinguish between physiological and pathological hypertrophy?

Physiological hypertrophy only occurs in muscle fibers, while pathological hypertrophy can occur in any tissue.

Pathological hypertrophy enhances muscle fibers' performance without adverse effects, while physiological hypertrophy does not.

Physiological hypertrophy results from increased functional demand and does not lead to cellular injury, while pathological hypertrophy often results from stressors leading potentially to injury.

Correct

Both types of hypertrophy result in the same outcomes and can be treated equally with increased training.

Explanation

Physiological hypertrophy is a healthy response to increased workload, leading to enhanced muscle performance without adverse effects. In contrast, pathological hypertrophy occurs in response to chronic stress or injury, possibly leading to tissue dysfunction, highlighting the importance of recognizing the cause and consequences of muscle changes.