Apoptosis
Everything on apoptosis
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Question 1
Multiple choiceWhat is the primary function of apoptosis in multicellular organisms?
Explanation
Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that serves to eliminate damaged, dysfunctional, or unnecessary cells, maintaining tissue homeostasis.
Question 2
Multiple choiceWhich of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of apoptotic cells?
Explanation
Inflammation is not a characteristic of apoptosis; it is typically associated with necrosis, a form of cell death that triggers an inflammatory response.
Question 3
Multiple choiceWhich signaling pathway is primarily involved in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?
Explanation
The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis is regulated by Bcl-2 family proteins, which determine whether a cell will undergo apoptosis in response to intracellular signaling.
Question 4
Multiple choiceWhat role do caspases play in apoptosis?
Explanation
Caspases are a family of cysteine proteases that are central to the execution of apoptosis by cleaving specific substrates within the cell.
Question 5
Multiple choiceWhich molecule is commonly released from mitochondria to trigger apoptosis?
Explanation
Cytochrome c is released from mitochondria into the cytosol, where it activates apoptosomes leading to the cascade of caspase activation.
Question 6
Multiple choiceWhat is the role of the Fas ligand in the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis?
Explanation
Fas ligand binds to Fas receptors on target cells, triggering the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis through caspase activation.
Question 7
Multiple choiceWhich cellular structure is primarily responsible for detecting DNA damage that leads to apoptosis?
Explanation
The nucleus contains the cell's DNA and is responsible for detecting DNA damage, which can trigger apoptosis if repair is not possible.
Question 8
Multiple choiceWhich of the following statements accurately describes necrosis versus apoptosis?
Explanation
Apoptosis is a highly regulated and energy-dependent process, whereas necrosis is often the result of acute cellular injury leading to uncontrolled cell death and inflammation.
Question 9
Multiple choiceWhich of the following mediators is often upregulated in apoptotic cells?
Explanation
During apoptosis, glycoproteins such as phosphatidylserine are translocated to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, signaling for phagocytosis.
Question 10
Multiple choiceWhat can result from dysregulated apoptosis?
Explanation
Dysregulated apoptosis can lead to autoimmune diseases when the system fails to eliminate autoreactive cells, among other pathological conditions.
Question 11
Multiple choiceWhat is the relationship between apoptosis and cancer?
Explanation
Cancerous cells can develop mechanisms to evade apoptosis, which allows them to survive and proliferate uncontrollably.
Question 12
Multiple choiceWhich protein can inhibit apoptosis by blocking caspase activation?
Explanation
Bcl-2 is an important anti-apoptotic protein that inhibits the activation of caspases, thereby preventing the apoptotic process.
Question 13
Multiple choiceWhat morphological change is a hallmark of apoptosis?
Explanation
During apoptosis, the cell undergoes morphological changes including cell shrinkage and formation of apoptotic bodies, which are membrane-bound vesicles containing cellular debris.
Question 14
Multiple choiceWhich factor can trigger apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway?
Explanation
DNA damage is a significant trigger of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, as it can activate p53 and other regulatory proteins that lead to cell death.
Question 15
Multiple choiceWhich type of cell death is characterized by cellular swelling and rupture?
Explanation
Necrosis is characterized by cellular swelling and the eventual rupture of the cell membrane, leading to inflammation, while apoptosis involves controlled cell shrinkage and fragmentation.