MED 304 Revision Quiz

What is the primary mechanism by which hydrostatic pressure contributes to edema?

Which condition is NOT typically associated with increased hydrostatic pressure leading to edema?

What role does plasma colloid oncotic pressure play in fluid movement?

Which of the following is a direct consequence of decreased oncotic pressure?

Which factor is least likely to cause edema due to impaired lymphatic drainage?

In patients with liver cirrhosis, what is the main mechanism leading to ascites?

Which of the following conditions involves edema due to decreased oncotic pressure?

Edema can result from which of the following mechanisms?

What is a potential consequence of lymphatic obstruction?

What could be a result of acute venous obstruction?

What happens to fluid movement when plasma oncotic pressure decreases?

Liver cirrhosis can lead to ascites through its impact on which of the following?

Increased hydrostatic pressure is commonly associated with which of the following conditions?

Which of the following is an essential function of the lymphatic system?

What can result from a loss of lymphatics following lymphadenectomy?

In a scenario where a patient suffers a severe vascular injury, which of the following mechanisms primarily initiates the hemostatic response through vasoconstriction?

A patient has a deficiency in factor VII. How might this condition affect the initiation of the coagulation cascade after vascular injury?

A 55-year-old male presents with progressive dyspnea and fatigue. A biopsy of his lung tissue reveals diffuse alveolar damage with hyaline membrane formation. Immunohistochemical staining shows increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α). Which of the following best explains the role of HIF-1α in the pathogenesis of this patient's condition?

A clinical trial is evaluating the efficacy of a new drug to prevent myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. The drug is found to inhibit the formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). Which of the following mechanisms best explains the protective effect of this drug?

A patient is exposed to high levels of ionizing radiation during a nuclear accident. Which of the following cellular responses is most likely to occur immediately following exposure?

Which condition is most associated with protein-losing gastroenteropathy?

What is the primary mechanism by which lymphatic obstruction leads to edema?

Which condition is NOT a cause of edema due to hydrostatic pressure driven fluid out of capillaries?

A clinical trial is conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a new drug, Y, in preventing radiation-induced lung fibrosis. The drug is found to be effective in reducing fibrosis. Which of the following molecular mechanisms is most likely to explain the drug's action?

A 55-year-old man presents with progressive jaundice and abdominal distension. A liver biopsy reveals extensive hepatocyte apoptosis. Immunohistochemical staining shows overexpression of FasL on hepatocytes. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of hepatocyte apoptosis in this patient?

A clinical trial is evaluating a novel therapeutic agent targeting the PI3K pathway in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Which of the following molecular alterations would be most predictive of response to this therapy?

A research group is studying a new oncogene, COLLIN-SY, identified in a breast cancer cell line. Functional studies demonstrate that overexpression of COLLIN-SY leads to increased cell proliferation and invasion. To identify potential downstream targets of COLLIN-SY, the researchers perform a microarray analysis comparing gene expression profiles of cells overexpressing COLLIN-SY to control cells. Which of the following gene expression patterns would most strongly support the hypothesis that COLLIN-SY promotes tumorigenesis by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway?

A novel gene, APTX, is identified in a family with a predisposition to developing multiple types of cancer. Functional studies reveal that the APTX protein interacts with the DNA repair machinery. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism by which loss of APTX function contributes to tumorigenesis?

A clinical trial is evaluating a novel drug, Y, for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Drug Y is found to induce apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells by upregulating the expression of a specific BH3-only protein. Which of the following BH3-only proteins is most likely to be upregulated by drug Y?

A 55-year-old male presents with progressive fatigue, weight loss, and hepatomegaly. Liver biopsy reveals massive hepatocyte apoptosis. Genetic analysis identifies a homozygous mutation in the BAX gene. Which of the following best explains the mechanism of liver injury in this patient?

A 55-year-old woman with a history of obesity presents with progressive fatigue and muscle weakness. A muscle biopsy reveals accumulation of autophagosomes and p62-positive inclusions. Which of the following genetic mutations is most likely responsible for her condition?

In a laboratory experiment, researchers are studying the role of autophagy in cancer cell survival. They treat cancer cells with a novel autophagy inhibitor and observe increased cell death. Which of the following mechanisms best explains this observation?

A patient with a rare genetic disorder presents with neurodegeneration and accumulation of lipid droplets in various tissues. Genetic analysis reveals a homozygous mutation in a novel gene. Functional studies demonstrate that the gene product interacts with the ATG5-ATG12 complex. Which of the following autophagy steps is most likely impaired in this patient?

A 55-year-old male presents with recurrent episodes of fever, abdominal pain, and bloody diarrhea. Colonoscopy reveals mucosal ulcerations with crypt abscesses. Biopsy shows increased neutrophil infiltration and crypt apoptosis. Genetic analysis identifies a homozygous mutation in the NOD2 gene. Which of the following best explains the pathogenesis of this patient's condition?

A new synthetic compound, E-Odarl, is being investigated for its anti-inflammatory properties. In preclinical studies, E-Odarl has been shown to inhibit the activity of phospholipase A2. Which of the following inflammatory mediators is most likely to be reduced by E-Odarl?

A novel autoinflammatory disease is discovered characterized by recurrent episodes of fever, skin rash, and arthritis. Genetic analysis identifies a mutation in a previously uncharacterized gene, PERPY. Subsequent studies reveal that the PERPY protein interacts with the inflammasome complex. Based on these findings, which of the following therapeutic approaches would be most promising for treating this disease?

A researcher is studying a new inflammatory mediator that is upregulated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. To determine the role of this mediator in joint inflammation, the researcher generates a knockout mouse model lacking the gene for this mediator. The knockout mice exhibit significantly reduced joint inflammation compared to wild-type mice. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step to further investigate the role of this mediator?

A 35-year-old woman presents with a severe allergic reaction after a bee sting. She develops widespread vasodilation and increased vascular permeability. Which of the following mediators is most likely responsible for the rapid onset of increased vascular permeability in this patient?

A researcher is studying a novel inflammatory disease characterized by excessive neutrophil infiltration. In a mouse model of this disease, they find that blocking the expression of selectin E (E-selectin) significantly reduces neutrophil accumulation at the site of inflammation. Which of the following steps of the inflammatory process is primarily affected by E-selectin blockade?

A new experimental drug is being tested for its anti-inflammatory effects. In vitro studies show that the drug inhibits the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. Which of the following inflammatory responses is most likely to be suppressed by this drug?

A patient presents with recurrent bacterial infections. Genetic analysis reveals a homozygous mutation in the ICAM-1 gene. Which of the following is the most likely consequence of this mutation?

A novel drug is being developed to inhibit neutrophil extravasation. Which of the following molecular targets would be most likely to achieve this goal without causing widespread endothelial dysfunction?

A novel bacterial species is discovered that is resistant to opsonization. Which of the following complement components is most likely to be deficient in a serum that is unable to promote phagocytosis of this bacterium?

A laboratory experiment is investigating the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in liver regeneration. A specific miRNA, miR-X, is found to be downregulated after partial hepatectomy. Overexpression of miR-X inhibits hepatocyte proliferation. Which of the following is the most likely target gene of miR-X involved in liver regeneration?

A 65-year-old woman presents with a painless mass in her breast. Biopsy reveals a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma with invasion through the basement membrane but without evidence of lymphatic or vascular invasion. The most appropriate classification for this tumor is:

A 50-year-old man with a history of heavy smoking presents with a non-small cell lung carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry staining reveals a loss of expression of E-cadherin. This finding is most likely associated with which of the following tumor characteristics?

A researcher is studying a newly discovered oncogene, O-BED. Overexpression of O-BED in cultured cells leads to increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis. Additionally, cells overexpressing O-BED show increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases. Which of the following is the most likely function of oncogene O-BED?

A clinical trial is evaluating a novel targeted therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. Patients with KRAS wild-type tumors show significant response rates, while those with KRAS mutations have minimal benefit. Which of the following best explains this observation?

A 55-year-old woman presents with a rapidly growing breast mass. Biopsy reveals an invasive ductal carcinoma with amplification of the HER2 gene. Which of the following molecular mechanisms best explains the increased tumorigenicity associated with HER2 overexpression?

A research laboratory is studying a novel oncogene, SHAR-NELL, identified in a lung cancer cell line. Preliminary data suggests that overexpression of SHAR-NELL correlates with increased tumor metastasis. To further elucidate the mechanism of action of SHAR-NELL, the researchers perform a loss-of-function experiment. Which of the following findings would most strongly support the hypothesis that SHAR-NELL promotes metastasis by increasing cell motility?

A researcher is studying a novel oncogene, CHRIS-X, identified in a lung cancer cell line. To determine the downstream effectors of this oncogene, the researcher performs a gene expression microarray analysis. Which of the following findings would strongly support the hypothesis that oncogene CHRIS-X functions by activating the RAS-MAPK pathway?

A clinical trial is evaluating a novel epigenetic drug targeting DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) in patients with colorectal cancer. Which of the following mechanisms best explains the potential anti-tumor effect of this drug?

A patient with a history of Lynch syndrome develops endometrial cancer. Genetic analysis of the tumor reveals a loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the mismatch repair (MMR) gene locus. Which of the following mechanisms best explains the role of LOH in tumorigenesis in this context?

A novel fusion protein, AUGSTN, is identified in a subset of patients with aggressive prostate cancer. Functional studies reveal that AUGSTN possesses both tyrosine kinase and transcription factor domains. Which of the following mechanisms is least likely to contribute to the oncogenic potential of

A patient with a history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) develops a refractory disease. Genomic analysis of the tumor cells reveals a deletion of chromosome 17p, resulting in loss of TP53 expression. Which of the following best explains the role of TP53 loss in CLL progression?

A research laboratory is investigating the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in breast cancer metastasis. They identify a novel lncRNA, PRECIOU-SX, that is highly expressed in metastatic breast cancer cells compared to primary tumors. To determine the functional role of PRECIOU-SX in metastasis, which of the following experiments would be most informative?

A patient with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is treated with imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Over time, the patient shows a suboptimal response to the treatment. Genetic analysis reveals a mutation in the BCR-ABL fusion protein. What is the most likely effect of this mutation on the effectiveness of imatinib?

A research laboratory is investigating the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancer progression. They identify a novel lncRNA, LINC00123, that is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer cells. Which of the following experimental approaches would be most appropriate to determine the function of LINC00123 in tumorigenesis?

A patient with metastatic melanoma is enrolled in a clinical trial evaluating a novel immunotherapy agent. The drug is designed to target PD-L1, a checkpoint inhibitor expressed on tumor cells. Which of the following mechanisms best explains the potential therapeutic benefit of this agent?

A patient with a history of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) develops colorectal cancer at a young age. Genetic testing reveals a germline mutation in the APC gene. Which of the following best describes the role of APC in colorectal tumorigenesis?

A research team is investigating a novel oncogene, PHEBE, identified in a lung cancer cell line. Overexpression of PHEBE leads to increased cell proliferation and colony formation in vitro. To determine the downstream signaling pathway activated by PHEBE, the researchers perform a series of experiments. Which of the following findings would strongly support the hypothesis that PHEBE activates the MAPK pathway?

A clinical trial is evaluating a new immunotherapy targeting PD-L1 for the treatment of advanced melanoma. Which of the following patient characteristics would be most predictive of a favorable response to this therapy?

A research laboratory is investigating the expression levels of two genes, A and B, in ovarian cancer cells using quantitative PCR (qPCR). The researchers want to validate a synthetic lethal interaction between these genes. They perform qPCR experiments to determine the Ct values for each gene in various cell lines. Which experimental approach would be most suitable to determine which gene is more highly expressed and validate the synthetic lethal interaction between genes A and B?

A research laboratory is studying the expression of a newly identified gene, XYZ, which is thought to be involved in cancer progression. The scientists want to investigate the DNA, RNA, and protein levels of gene XYZ in various cancer cell lines. Which experimental approaches would be most appropriate for each of the following analyses? To determine the presence of specific mutations in the DNA sequence of gene XYZ. To measure the mRNA expression levels of gene XYZ in the cancer cell lines. To analyze the protein expression levels of gene XYZ and its post-translational modifications.

A 55-year-old patient presents with sudden onset dyspnea and chest pain. A CT scan reveals a blockage in the main pulmonary artery, which is later identified as a saddle embolus. Considering this scenario, which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the origin of such an embolus?

In a hypothetical case where a patient has both a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and a history of deep vein thrombosis, which of the following is a possible clinical concern that can arise from these conditions?

A researcher is studying the frequency of asymptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE) in a specific population. Based on current medical knowledge, which of the following statements best represents what is known about silent PEs?

In assessing a patient with a suspected pulmonary embolism, which indicators from their history would suggest the likelihood of deep vein thrombus as the primary source of the embolus?

A patient develops a fat embolism following a long bone fracture. Which mechanism that contributes to fat embolism formation underscores the complexity of managing patients with fractures?

After a thorough literature review, a student concludes that most pulmonary emboli arise from thrombi formed in the deep veins of the legs. What is the main pathway these emboli take before reaching the lungs?

A case study of an athlete with a history of dehydration and air travel presents an interesting challenge when considering the risk of venous thromboembolism. Which physiological explanation connects these factors to the formation of emboli?

In a differential diagnosis of a patient presenting with chest pain and shortness of breath, which accompanying clinical finding would most strongly suggest an embolic cause rather than conditions like myocardial infarction?

Considering the possibility of a patient developing various types of emboli, which of the following conditions is least likely to produce an embolus that causes ischemia in systemic circulation?

A 65-year-old male patient presents with sudden onset shortness of breath and chest pain. After conducting imaging studies, a pulmonary embolism is confirmed. Based on the current understanding of the origins of pulmonary emboli, which of the following statements is most likely true regarding his condition?

After assessing a patient with a suspected bleeding disorder, it is noted that the fibrin meshwork formation is poorly regulated. Which process that consolidates the initial platelet plug is primarily affected?

In a case study focusing on a patient with abnormal platelet function, which of the following blood components is likely to show decreased activity contributing to a failure in primary hemostasis?

If a researcher wants to design a therapeutic agent targeting thrombin to prevent excessive clot formation, what aspect of thrombin's role should be primarily focused on?

A 55-year-old patient presents with sudden onset severe respiratory distress that does not improve with supplemental oxygen. Chest x-ray reveals diffuse alveolar infiltration. Given this clinical scenario, which mechanism underlying their condition would you expect is primarily at play?

In evaluating a patient with suspected Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), which pathophysiological change would likely not be observed upon histological examination of lung tissue?

Considering the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, which of the following therapeutic strategies would potentially mitigate the acute lung injury in a patient exhibiting high levels of these cytokines?

A researcher is studying the recovery phase of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Which histological finding would be most indicative of the lung's healing process in the organizing stage?

A clinical team is preparing to present their findings on Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). They note that treatment outcomes can vary significantly depending on the underlying causes of lung injury. Which underlying condition, if presented in a patient, would most likely lead to a rapid progression to multi-organ failure in conjunction with ARDS?

A young woman is diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome after suffering a miscarriage and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). How does her condition illustrate the interplay between underlying factors contributing to thrombosis?

During a surgical procedure, a patient experiences prolonged bleeding despite normal platelet counts. Which of the following conditions could lead to this scenario based on the notes provided?