ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

Question 1

Multiple choice

Which of the following clinical conditions can lead to an increased gamma-globulin level in serum protein electrophoresis?

Dehydration

Acute renal failure

Protein-losing enteropathy

Chronic infections such as tuberculosis

Correct

Explanation

Chronic infections, such as tuberculosis, can lead to an increase in gamma-globulin levels due to heightened immune response, while dehydration typically increases albumin and does not affect gamma-globulin.

Question 2

Multiple choice

Which of the following patterns in serum protein electrophoresis is indicative of acute inflammation?

Increased albumin without change in globulins

Decreased gamma globulin levels only

Increased alpha-1 and alpha-2 globulins

Correct

No change in protein levels

Explanation

Acute inflammation typically leads to increased levels of alpha-1 and alpha-2 globulins due to acute-phase reactants.

Question 3

Multiple choice

How does the relationship between normal microbiota and the host typically manifest?

It is always harmful to the host.

It is a mutualistic relationship that benefits both parties.

Correct

It results in frequent infections.

It reduces the immune response of the host.

Explanation

The relationship is generally mutualistic, where both the microbiota and the host benefit from each other.

Question 4

Multiple choice

What is the primary protein component of the serum?

Globulin

Albumin

Correct

Gamma globulin

Fibrinogen

Explanation

Albumin is the major protein in serum, produced primarily by the liver.

Question 5

Multiple choice

Which of the following statements best describes normal microbiota?

They are harmful microorganisms that cause disease.

They play a crucial role in maintaining host health.

Correct

They are solely responsible for the development of infections.

They live only on external surfaces of the body.

Explanation

Normal microbiota are beneficial microorganisms that help maintain host health by competing with pathogens and aiding digestion.

Question 6

Multiple choice

What is the main purpose of establishing Koch’s postulates?

To determine the genetic makeup of pathogens.

To eliminate the effects of diseases in the environment.

To identify the causative agent of an infectious disease.

Correct

To improve antibiotic effectiveness.

Explanation

Koch’s postulates are designed to identify the specific causative agents of infectious diseases.

Question 7

Multiple choice

When should serum protein electrophoresis be considered in a clinical setting?

Upon suspicion of dietary deficiencies

For unexplained peripheral neuropathy or atypical back pain

Correct

Routine health screenings

In cases of upper respiratory infections

Explanation

Serum protein electrophoresis is indicated in red flag situations, such as unexplained peripheral neuropathy or suspicion of malignancy.

Question 8

Multiple choice

Which condition is least likely to lead to a decrease in albumin levels?

Severe dehydration

Correct

Nephrotic syndrome

Liver disease

Malnutrition

Explanation

Severe dehydration typically leads to an increase in albumin concentration due to reduced plasma volume, rather than a decrease.

Question 9

Multiple choice

Which of the following is a common method of acquiring infectious agents?

Direct contact with infected individuals.

Correct

Consuming healthy foods rich in nutrients.

Regular exercise and maintaining fitness.

Living in clean and sanitized environments.

Explanation

Infectious agents can be acquired through direct contact with infected individuals, which facilitates the transmission of pathogens.

Question 10

Multiple choice

When acquiring an infectious agent, which method is typically least effective?

Surface contact with contaminated objects.

Airborne transmission from infected individuals.

Direct physical contact with infected individuals.

Avoiding regular personal hygiene practices.

Correct

Explanation

Poor personal hygiene practices greatly increase the risk of infection, thus it is not an effective method of acquiring pathogens.

Question 11

Multiple choice

In the context of serum protein electrophoresis, what does a high beta-globulin peak indicate?

Normal plasma protein levels

Heavy chain disease

Biliary cirrhosis or malnutrition

Correct

Multiple myeloma

Explanation

An increased beta-globulin peak can suggest conditions like biliary cirrhosis or malnutrition.

Question 12

Multiple choice

What is a significant consequence of the disruption of normal microbiota?

Reduction in metabolism efficiency.

Increased susceptibility to infections.

Correct

Enhanced immune response.

Improved digestive health.

Explanation

Disruption of normal microbiota can lead to increased susceptibility to infections, as normal defenses are compromised.

Question 13

Multiple choice

What laboratory test would you perform to confirm a diagnosis of multiple myeloma if serum protein electrophoresis is inconclusive?

Complete blood count

Bone marrow biopsy

Correct

Liver function tests

Thyroid function tests

Explanation

A bone marrow biopsy is essential for confirming multiple myeloma by assessing plasma cell involvement.

Question 14

Multiple choice

Which factor does NOT influence the relationship between normal microbiota and the host?

Dietary habits

Genetic predisposition of the host

Environmental conditions

The presence of antibiotics

Correct

Explanation

While antibiotics can disrupt microbiota balance, they are considered an external treatment rather than a fundamental factor influencing the natural relationship.

Question 15

Multiple choice

In serum protein electrophoresis, what indicates a monoclonal gammopathy?

A broad band in the alpha region

A uniform increase in all globulin fractions

A sharp spike-like peak in a focal region of the gamma-globulin zone

Correct

A decrease in the albumin band

Explanation

A sharp spike-like peak in the gamma-globulin zone is a characteristic of monoclonal gammopathy, indicating a clonal plasma cell disorder.

Question 16

Multiple choice

What is the primary focus of pathology in medical science?

To describe normal bodily functions

To study the causes of health

To understand changes in tissues due to disease

Correct

To analyze genetic variations in populations

Explanation

Pathology primarily focuses on understanding the changes in tissues and organs caused by disease.

Question 17

Multiple choice

After identifying an abnormal M-protein spike in serum protein electrophoresis, what follow-up is recommended?

Immediate chemotherapy

Monitor without further testing

Refer to a hematologist-oncologist

Correct

Repeat the serum protein electrophoresis in six months

Explanation

Referral to a hematologist-oncologist is necessary to further evaluate and manage potential plasma cell disorders.

Question 18

Multiple choice

Which of the following statements is false regarding the normal microbiota?

They are essential for certain metabolic processes.

They can compete with pathogenic microorganisms.

They can become harmful when displaced.

They are isolated only to the digestive tract.

Correct

Explanation

Normal microbiota exist in multiple locations throughout the body, not just confined to the digestive tract.

Question 19

Multiple choice

In the development of infectious diseases, what is typically the first step?

Disease symptoms appear.

Pathogen enters the host.

Correct

The immune system activates.

Antibiotic treatment begins.

Explanation

The initial step in the development of infectious diseases is when the pathogen enters the host.

Question 20

Multiple choice

What is the relationship between albumin levels and dehydration?

Albumin levels decrease with dehydration

Albumin levels remain unchanged in dehydration

Albumin levels increase with dehydration

Correct

Albumin levels decrease due to renal loss

Explanation

Dehydration leads to a relative increase in albumin concentration due to decreased plasma volume.

Question 21

Multiple choice

Which of the following is a common condition that can cause polyclonal gammopathy?

Multiple myeloma

Chronic infections

Correct

Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia

Plasma cell leukemia

Explanation

Polyclonal gammopathy is often caused by conditions like chronic infections and inflammatory processes.

Question 22

Multiple choice

What are monoclonal gammopathies typically associated with?

Acute rheumatic fever

Malignant or potentially malignant clonal processes

Correct

Nutritional deficiencies

Thyroid dysfunction

Explanation

Monoclonal gammopathies are associated with malignant or potentially malignant disorders, such as multiple myeloma and related conditions.

Question 23

Multiple choice

Hypogammaglobulinemia, as seen on serum protein electrophoresis, is most often indicative of which condition?

Post-infectious immunodeficiency

Chronic kidney disease

Multiple myeloma

Correct

Acute pancreatitis

Explanation

Hypogammaglobulinemia indicates a decrease in immunoglobulins, commonly seen in multiple myeloma.

Question 24

Multiple choice

What is a characteristic feature of multiple myeloma as indicated by serum protein electrophoresis?

A broad diffuse band

Presence of a narrow spike in the M protein region

Correct

Low levels of all globulins

Equal levels of albumin and globulins

Explanation

Multiple myeloma typically presents with a narrow spike in the gamma, beta, or alpha-2 regions on electrophoresis.

Question 25

Multiple choice

Which of the following best describes the relationship between normal microbiota and the host organism?

Normal microbiota exclusively cause disease in the host.

Normal microbiota serve as competitive inhibitors to pathogenic organisms.

Correct

Normal microbiota always require the host for survival.

Normal microbiota have no impact on the host's immune system.

Explanation

Normal microbiota play a crucial role in preventing pathogen colonization by competing for resources and space, thus serving as competitive inhibitors to pathogens.

Question 26

Multiple choice

In the evaluation of abnormalities in serum protein electrophoresis, what is a common follow-up procedure for patients with a serum M-protein spike of less than 1.5 g per dL?

Perform an immediate bone marrow biopsy.

Refer the patient for chemotherapy immediately.

Conduct serum protein electrophoresis annually.

Correct

Request additional imaging studies to assess for malignancy.

Explanation

Patients with an M-protein spike of less than 1.5 g per dL are recommended to undergo serum protein electrophoresis annually to monitor for any changes.

Question 27

Multiple choice

What key characteristic differentiates monoclonal gammopathy from polyclonal gammopathy during serum protein electrophoresis?

Monoclonal gammopathy shows a broad diffuse band.

Monoclonal gammopathy is associated with multiple peaks in the gamma region.

Monoclonal gammopathy results from reactive or inflammatory processes.

Monoclonal gammopathy presents as a sharp, well-defined spike in the gamma region.

Correct

Explanation

Monoclonal gammopathy is characterized by a narrow spike in the gamma region due to the proliferation of a single clone of plasma cells, unlike polyclonal gammopathy which displays a broad diffuse band.

Question 28

Multiple choice

How can infectious agents be commonly acquired by hosts?

Through deliberate exposure to known pathogens only.

By contact with other infected individuals or contaminated surfaces.

Correct

Infection can only occur if the host is immunocompromised.

Pathogens can only be acquired through food and water sources.

Explanation

Infectious agents can be acquired through a variety of means, including contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces, highlighting the importance of hygiene and sanitation.

Question 29

Multiple choice

What does the term 'infectious' imply in medical terminology?

An illness caused solely by stress factors.

A disease that cannot be transmitted between individuals.

A disease that is caused by pathogens and can spread.

Correct

An illness that results from environmental toxins.

Explanation

The term 'infectious' refers to diseases caused by pathogens that can be transmitted between individuals.

Question 30

Multiple choice

What does the presence of Bence Jones protein in urine suggest?

Acute liver injury

Multiple myeloma or a related plasma cell disorder

Correct

Chronic kidney disease

Dehydration syndromes

Explanation

Bence Jones protein, which is composed of free light chains, is a hallmark of multiple myeloma and related disorders.

Question 31

Multiple choice

Which of the following statements aligns with Koch's postulates regarding the establishment of infectious diseases?

An agent must be found in healthy individuals.

The pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture.

Correct

Symptoms of disease can vary greatly among infected individuals.

A single dose of the pathogen always results in disease.

Explanation

Koch's postulates state that the pathogen must be isolated from diseased individuals and grown in pure culture, where it should then cause disease when introduced to a healthy host.

Question 32

Multiple choice

Which fraction of proteins is primarily responsible for the increased band seen in acute inflammation on serum protein electrophoresis?

Beta-globulin fraction

Alpha-2 fraction

Correct

Gamma-globulin fraction

Albumin fraction

Explanation

Acute inflammation usually leads to an increase in the alpha-2 fraction due to acute-phase reactants.

Question 33

Multiple choice

Which of the following is NOT a criterion of Koch's postulates?

The microorganism must be found in abundance in diseased hosts.

The microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture.

The microorganism must cause disease in healthy individuals.

The microorganism can be isolated from healthy individuals as well.

Correct

Explanation

According to Koch's postulates, the pathogen must NOT be found in healthy individuals; it should be specific to the diseased hosts.

Question 34

Multiple choice

What role do antibiotics play in the context of normal microbiota?

They have no impact on microbiota.

They enhance the growth of normal microbiota.

They can disrupt the balance of normal microbiota.

Correct

They only affect pathogenic microbes, ignoring normal ones.

Explanation

Antibiotics can disrupt the balance of normal microbiota, allowing opportunistic pathogens to flourish.

Question 35

Multiple choice

Which of the following factors is least likely to influence serum protein level changes?

Acute trauma

Malignancy

Dietary protein intake

Correct

Chronic infections

Explanation

While dietary protein intake affects nutritional status, it is less critical in acute reactions compared to trauma, malignancy, and infections.

Question 36

Multiple choice

What is the primary characteristic of an infectious disease?

It results from a genetic mutation in the host.

It is always acute with rapid onset.

It requires a pathogen to be transmitted to the host.

Correct

It is caused solely by environmental factors.

Explanation

Infectious diseases are defined as diseases that are caused by the invasion of a pathogen and require transmission.

Question 37

Multiple choice

Which of the following best represents Koch’s postulates?

A specific pathogen must always be present in healthy individuals.

The pathogen should induce the same disease when introduced to a healthy host.

Correct

Pathogens can be found in the air, water, and soil.

Pathogens can only be identified through advanced imaging techniques.

Explanation

Koch’s postulates establish criteria for identifying the causative agents of infectious diseases.

Question 38

Multiple choice

What is the primary purpose of serum protein electrophoresis?

To measure cholesterol levels in the serum

To identify digestive enzyme deficiencies

To detect levels of vitamins in serum

To identify patients with multiple myeloma and other serum protein disorders

Correct

Explanation

Serum protein electrophoresis specifically evaluates serum proteins to identify monoclonal gammopathies such as multiple myeloma.

Question 39

Multiple choice

Which of the following classifications is NOT typically used for infectious diseases?

Bacterial infections

Chronic infections

Viral infections

Physical injuries

Correct

Explanation

Physical injuries do not fall under classifications of infectious diseases, which are caused by pathogens.

Question 40

Multiple choice

Which of the following diseases is classified as an infectious disease?

Asthma

Tuberculosis

Correct

Diabetes

Hypertension

Explanation

Tuberculosis is caused by an infectious agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), while the other options are not infectious in nature.

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