PLASMA
Insulin secretion Metabolic action of insulin Diabetes Type 1 Type 2
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Question 1
Multiple choiceWhat does serum protein electrophoresis primarily help identify in patients?
Explanation
Serum protein electrophoresis is specifically used to identify patients with serum protein disorders, including multiple myeloma.
Question 2
Multiple choiceWhat does a homogeneous spike-like peak in the gamma-globulin zone suggest?
Explanation
A homogeneous spike-like peak in the gamma-globulin zone indicates a monoclonal gammopathy, which could be malignant.
Question 3
Multiple choiceWhat is the major protein component of human serum?
Explanation
Albumin is the major protein component of human serum, produced mainly by the liver.
Question 4
Multiple choiceIn serum protein electrophoresis, which fraction is expected to increase during acute inflammation?
Explanation
The beta fraction, which contains transferrin and complement proteins, typically increases during acute inflammation.
Question 5
Multiple choiceWhich of the following conditions is characterized by a decrease in the gamma-globulin level?
Explanation
Hypogammaglobulinemia is characterized by a decrease in gamma-globulin levels, which occurs in conditions like agammaglobulinemia.
Question 6
Multiple choiceWhich type of gammopathy is typically associated with malignancy?
Explanation
Monoclonal gammopathy is often associated with malignant conditions, while polyclonal gammopathy relates to reactive processes.
Question 7
Multiple choiceWhich statement is true regarding the albumin band in serum protein electrophoresis?
Explanation
The albumin band is the largest and lies closest to the positive electrode during serum protein electrophoresis.
Question 8
Multiple choiceWhat should be done if serum protein electrophoresis shows normal results but suspicion of multiple myeloma remains?
Explanation
If serum protein electrophoresis is normal but suspicion of multiple myeloma persists, it should be repeated in 3 to 6 months.
Question 9
Multiple choiceIn what condition might an M protein spike be absent despite the presence of multiple myeloma?
Explanation
Hypogammaglobulinemia can occur in some patients with multiple myeloma, resulting in an absent M protein spike on serum protein electrophoresis.
Question 10
Multiple choiceWhich substance is often increased in the acute-phase reaction pattern observed in serum protein electrophoresis?
Explanation
Alpha-1 antitrypsin is an acute-phase reactant that increases in response to inflammation or injury.
Question 11
Multiple choiceWhat is indicated by a low alpha-1 protein band on serum protein electrophoresis?
Explanation
A low alpha-1 protein band can indicate a deficiency of alpha-1 antitrypsin, which is produced in the liver.
Question 12
Multiple choiceWhich condition is associated with elevated serum levels of beta globulins?
Explanation
Chronic infections can lead to an increase in beta globulin levels due to the presence of complement proteins and immunoglobulins.
Question 13
Multiple choiceWhat type of gammopathy is characterized by a broad diffuse band?
Explanation
Polyclonal gammopathy is characterized by a broad diffuse band in electrophoresis patterns.
Question 14
Multiple choiceWhat role does immunofixation serve after identifying a monoclonal gammopathy?
Explanation
Immunofixation is important to detect free light chains and confirm the presence of specific types of gammopathy.
Question 15
Multiple choiceWhich condition commonly leads to decreased levels of albumin in serum?
Explanation
Hepatic cirrhosis leads to decreased albumin production due to impaired liver function.
Question 16
Multiple choiceWhat special technique is recommended if multiple myeloma is suspected and the patient presents with a normal SPEP?
Explanation
A bone marrow biopsy is critical for diagnosing multiple myeloma, especially if the SPEP results are normal but suspicion remains.
Question 17
Multiple choiceWhat is the recommended follow-up for a patient with an M-protein spike of less than 1.5 g per dL?
Explanation
For patients with an M-protein spike of less than 1.5 g per dL, the recommendation is to monitor with serum protein electrophoresis annually.
Question 18
Multiple choiceWhich immunoglobulin type is predominantly analyzed in the gamma region during serum protein electrophoresis?
Explanation
The gamma region primarily contains antibodies, most notably IgG, which is important in various immunological responses.
Question 19
Multiple choiceIn cases of suspected multiple myeloma, what additional test is recommended along with serum protein electrophoresis?
Explanation
Urine protein electrophoresis is recommended to identify Bence Jones protein, a key marker in multiple myeloma.
Question 20
Multiple choiceWhat characteristic feature distinguishes a monoclonal gammopathy from a polyclonal gammopathy on serum protein electrophoresis?
Explanation
A monoclonal gammopathy is characterized by a sharp, well-defined band due to the proliferation of a single clone of plasma cells producing homogeneous M protein, while a polyclonal gammopathy typically presents as a broad diffuse band resulting from multiple clones or reactive processes.