End of Module Examination
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Question 1
Multiple choiceWhat is the primary purpose of drug metabolism?
Explanation
The primary purpose of drug metabolism is to transform drugs into hydrophilic metabolites, enhancing their water solubility and promoting elimination from the body.
Question 2
Multiple choiceWhich organ is the main site for drug metabolism?
Explanation
The liver is the primary organ for drug metabolism, as it contains numerous drug-metabolizing enzymes.
Question 3
Multiple choiceWhich phase of drug metabolism involves the modification of drug molecules to increase polarity?
Explanation
Phase I reactions involve oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis, leading to the formation of more polar metabolites.
Question 4
Multiple choiceWhich enzymes are primarily involved in Phase I drug metabolism?
Explanation
Cytochrome P450 enzymes are the main enzymes involved in Phase I drug metabolism, responsible for the oxidation of drugs.
Question 5
Multiple choiceWhat type of reaction is primarily associated with Phase II drug metabolism?
Explanation
Phase II involves conjugation reactions where the drug or its metabolites are coupled with endogenous substances to facilitate elimination.
Question 6
Multiple choiceWhich enzyme is a common inducer of hepatic drug metabolism?
Explanation
Rifampin is known to induce hepatic drug metabolism by enhancing the expression of certain drug-metabolizing enzymes.
Question 7
Multiple choiceWhat role does grapefruit juice play in drug metabolism?
Explanation
Grapefruit juice is known to inhibit the metabolism of certain drugs, leading to increased drug levels in the body.
Question 8
Multiple choiceWhat is the function of prodrugs in pharmacology?
Explanation
Prodrugs are pharmacologically inactive compounds that are converted to active metabolites within the body.
Question 9
Multiple choiceWhat can be a result of drug-drug interactions due to CYP450 enzyme metabolism?
Explanation
When two drugs are metabolized by the same CYP450 enzyme, they can affect each other's metabolic rates, leading to altered drug effectiveness or toxicity.
Question 10
Multiple choiceWhich of the following drug classes is primarily affected by the CYP2D6 enzyme?
Explanation
CYP2D6 is primarily involved in the metabolism of several antidepressants, making this class particularly susceptible to enzyme variations.
Question 11
Multiple choiceHow does genetic polymorphism influence drug metabolism?
Explanation
Genetic polymorphism leads to variations in the metabolism of drugs among different racial or ethnic groups, affecting efficacy and safety.
Question 12
Multiple choiceWhat is first-pass metabolism?
Explanation
First-pass metabolism occurs when a drug is metabolized in the liver before it enters systemic circulation, significantly reducing bioavailability.
Question 13
Multiple choiceWhich factor does NOT affect drug biotransformation?
Explanation
While age, sex, and genetic polymorphism do influence drug metabolism, body weight is not a significant direct affecting factor.
Question 14
Multiple choiceWhat happens when liver metabolizing enzymes are inhibited?
Explanation
Inhibition of liver metabolizing enzymes leads to decreased metabolism of drugs, which can increase their levels and risk of toxicity.
Question 15
Multiple choiceWhich enzyme is commonly involved in the glucuronidation process during Phase II metabolism?
Explanation
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases are key enzymes responsible for glucuronidation during Phase II drug metabolism, facilitating elimination.
Question 16
Multiple choiceWhat is an example of a drug that undergoes substantial first-pass metabolism?
Explanation
Aspirin is known to undergo substantial first-pass metabolism, which can significantly reduce its bioavailability.
Question 17
Multiple choiceWhich pharmacological action can be attributed to the product of Phase I metabolism?
Explanation
Phase I reactions can produce metabolites that may retain, enhance, or lose pharmacological activity compared to the parent compound.
Question 18
Multiple choiceWhat is an outcome of enzyme induction?
Explanation
Enzyme induction increases the metabolism of drugs processed by the same enzymes, potentially lowering drug levels and efficacy.
Question 19
Multiple choiceWhat is the primary purpose of drug metabolism?
Explanation
The primary purpose of drug metabolism is to convert lipophilic compounds into more hydrophilic metabolites, making them easier to eliminate from the body.
Question 20
Multiple choiceWhich phase of drug metabolism involves the conjugation of metabolites for excretion?
Explanation
Phase 2 reactions involve the conjugation of polar metabolites with endogenous substrates, making them more easily excretable from the body.