MED 408 — Kidney and Body Fluids II

• Investigation of renal disease
• Tubulo-interstitial disease
• Acute kidney injury and chronic renal failure
• Dialysis and immunology of renal transplantation
• Urinary Tract Infections – (including renal tuberculosis)
• Electrolyte and acid base disturbances
• Congenital abnormalities of the genito-urinary system e.g. polycystic kidneys.
• Diseases of the prostate
• Obstructive Uropathy
• Tumours and infections of the genito-urinary system

Medicine

• The functional anatomy and physiology of the renal system
• The diagnosis and management of some important diseases of the renal system
• The pharmacology of some drugs used in the treatment of renal diseases
• The risk factors and prevention strategies for diseases of the renal system.

Glomerulonephritis

• Describe the epidemiology, clinical presentation, prognosis and complications of some common kidney diseases.
• Identify the relevant investigations needed in the diagnosis of diseases of the kidneys
• Discuss the management of renal diseases
• Define glomerulonephritis and describe associated clinical features
• Discuss relevant etiologic agents for glomerulonephritis
• Discuss appropriate management strategies for various glomerulonephritis

Nephrotic syndrome

• Describe the epidemiology, clinical presentation, prognosis and complications of some common kidney diseases.
• Identify the relevant investigations needed in the diagnosis of diseases of the kidneys
• Discuss the management of renal diseases
• Define the features of nephrotic syndrome
• Discuss relevant etiologic agents of nephrotic syndrome
• Discuss the complications of nephrotic syndrome
• Discuss appropriate management strategies for nephrotic syndrome

Tubulo-interstitial disease

• Describe the epidemiology, clinical presentation, prognosis and complications of some common kidney diseases.
• Identify the relevant investigations needed in the diagnosis of diseases of the kidneys
• Discuss the management of renal diseases
• Define tubulointerstitial disease
• Describe the etiologic agents of various tubulointerstitial diseases
• Discuss the complications.
• Discuss appropriate management.

Acute kidney injury

• Describe the epidemiology, clinical presentation, prognosis and complications of some common kidney diseases.
• Identify the relevant investigations needed in the diagnosis of diseases of the kidneys
• Discuss the management of renal diseases
• Define AKI
• Discuss the classification of AKI/RIFLE criteria
• Discuss relevant etiologic agents of AKI
• Discuss the complications of AKI
• Discuss appropriate management strategies for AKI

Chronic renal failure

• Describe the epidemiology, clinical presentation, prognosis and complications of some common kidney diseases.
• Identify the relevant investigations needed in the diagnosis of diseases of the kidneys
• Discuss the management of renal diseases
• Define the clinical features CRF
• Discuss staging of CKD/KDOQI guidelines
• Discuss relevant etiologic agents of CRF
• Discuss the complications of CRF
• Discuss appropriate management strategies for CRF
• Discuss renal replacement therapy including transplantation

Dialysis and renal transplantation

• Describe the epidemiology, clinical presentation, prognosis and complications of some common kidney diseases.
• Identify the relevant investigations needed in the diagnosis of diseases of the kidneys
• Discuss the management of renal diseases
• Discuss renal replacement therapy including transplantation

Surgery

• Aetiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations and management of the obstructive uropathies
• Composition, types, clinical signs and symptoms and management of calculous disease
• Pathology, clinical manifestations, and management of benign prostatic disease
• Principles of fluid and electrolyte balance and know what and how much fluid to give in certain surgical situations such as intestinal obstruction and post-op. oliguria

Fluid and Electrolyte balance

• Principles of fluid and electrolyte balance and know what and how much fluid to give in certain surgical situations such as intestinal obstruction and post-op. oliguria

Post-operative oliguria

• Principles of fluid and electrolyte balance and know what and how much fluid to give in certain surgical situations such as intestinal obstruction and post-op. oliguria

Benign & malignant prostatic diseases

• Pathology, clinical manifestations, and management of benign prostatic disease.

Obstructive Uropathies

• Aetiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations and management of the obstructive uropathies

Calculous disease

• Composition, types, clinical signs and symptoms and management of calculous disease.

Pathology

• Understand the basic structure and function of the kidney and how it contributes to renal diseases and their manifestation
• Know the clinical manifestations of renal diseases and the mechanisms that underline these manifestations

Tumors of the kidney and urinary

• Be able to describe the morphology of various renal diseases
• Know the signs and symptoms of renal diseases and their pathogenesis
• Know the complications of the various renal diseases and their pathogenesis
• Know the pathological investigations available to the clinician for investigating renal diseases

Cystic diseases of kidney

• Be able to describe the morphology of various renal diseases
• Know the signs and symptoms of renal diseases and their pathogenesis
• Know the complications of the various renal diseases and their pathogenesis
• Know the pathological investigations available to the clinician for investigating renal diseases

Chemical Pathology

• Clinical features, laboratory findings and pathophysiology of diseases of the genitourinary system will be discussed.

Laboratory findings in renal diseases

• By the end of the session, students should be able to know the laboratory findings in: Acute glomerulonephritis, Nephrotic syndrome, Acute tubular necrosis, Renal tubular acidosis, Chronic renal failure, Normal and abnormal urine composition.
• The use and interpretation of creatinine clearance test and glomerular filtration test will also be discussed.

Pediatrics

• To understand the diagnostic features and principles of management of common disorders of the kidney and urinary tract in childhood.

Congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract

• Review aetio-pathogenesis and pathophysiology of common disorders of the kidney and urinary tract in children
• Recognize the clinical features
• Identify, describe and interpret essential diagnostic tests
• Understand and apply the principles of management
• Discuss the common congenital anomalies of the kidney
• Discuss the clinical presentation
• Appropriate intervention including surgery

Essential diagnostic tests for childhood renal disorders

• Review aetio-pathogenesis and pathophysiology of common disorders of the kidney and urinary tract in children
• Recognize the clinical features
• Identify, describe and interpret essential diagnostic tests
• Understand and apply the principles of management
• Interpret urinalysis results
• Discuss blood tests for renal diseases(BUE, Creatinine)
• Imaging modalities for renal diseases

Radiology

• This component will ensure that students understand and appreciate that, though there are many methods of imaging the urinary tract, plain abdominal radiographs and ultrasound scan are still the first option in most cases, especially in a third world setting like Ghana.

Imaging methods

• Use of conventional X- rays in diagnosing urogenital tract and kidneys pathologies.
• Why ultrasonography is very helpful in diagnosing kidneys and urogenital tract diseases.
• Role of Computer Tomography, MRI and other techniques in diagnosing urological conditions.
• Role of fluorography, contrasting methods (Intravenous urography/pyelography), Urethrography etc), and other techniques employed in the diagnosis urological diseases.

Pharmacology

• pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs that affect the renal system and body fluid dynamics
• principles of drug therapy in kidney disease

Pharmacology of Diuretic Agents

• understand the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs that affect the renal system and body fluid dynamics

Antidiuretic agents

• understand the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs that affect the renal system and body fluid dynamics

Drugs used for disorders of micturition

• understand the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs that affect the renal system and body fluid dynamics

Renal toxicology

• understand the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs that affect the renal system and body fluid dynamics

Drug therapy in kidney disease

• principles of drug therapy in kidney disease