GEM 303 — Respiratory and Cardiovascular System I

• Describe the development of the trachea, bronchi and lungs
• Discuss the anatomy of the respiratory tract and thorax
• Explain the functional histology of the respiratory tract
• Explain the mechanics of respiration
• Discuss gaseous transport mechanics
• Understand how gaseous exchange occurs in the lung and in peripheral tissues
• Understand how gas is transported by blood and the functions of the proteins involved
• Apply knowledge of cardiovascular structure to function
• Describe the structure of the pericardium and heart in relation to function
• Explore the microscopic structure of arteries, arterioles, veins and capillaries

Gross Anatomy

• Use anatomical terms both in oral as well as in written description
• Identify the various structures of the thorax including heart and lungs
• Describe the structural components of the thoracic wall and respiratory system
• Correlate the various structures of the thorax with their function
• Discuss the effect of nerve and vascular injury on structure and function

Thoracic Wall and Intercostal Space

• Draw a generalized vertebra and label features
• Demonstrate special features of typical thoracic vertebra
• Describe the structure of an intervertebral disc
• Demonstrate features on a typical rib
• Identify the first, second and twelfth ribs
• Classify the joints of the thoracic cage
• Describe the arrangement of muscle layers and vessels in intercostal space
• Describe the form and attachments of the diaphragm
• Describe the nerve supply of intercostal muscles and diaphragm
• At the end of this session, students should be able to draw a generalized vertebra
• At the end of this session, students should be able to describe the arrangement of muscle layers

Mediastinum (subdivision & contents)

• Define Superior, Anterior, Middle, and Posterior Mediastinum
• Demonstrate the inferior boundary of the superior mediastinum
• Describe the course and relations of the trachea, thoracic duct, and oesophagus
• List in order the main branches of the thoracic part of the aorta
• Describe the origins and relations of the brachiocephalic veins and azygos system
• Describe the course of the right and left vagus nerves
• At the end of this session, students should be able to define mediastinum terms

Developmental Anatomy

• Understand and describe the development and fate of veins associated with the heart
• Describe the circulation through the primordial heart
• Explain the development of the heart and septation
• Describe the derivatives and fate of the pharyngeal arch vessels
• Understand the basis of transition of foetal circulation

Histology

• Identify arteries, arterioles, veins and capillaries in electron micrographs
• Describe the microscopic structure of arteries, arterioles, veins and capillaries
• Discuss the functional significance of the arteries, arterioles, veins and capillaries
• Identify and describe the microscopic features of the respiratory system
• Identify and describe the microscopic features of the blood air barrier

Blood Vessels

• Describe general features of blood vessels
• Identify elastic arteries (aorta)
• Identify muscular arteries, veins, and capillaries
• Identify arteries, arterioles, veins and capillaries in electron micrographs
• Describe the microscopic structure of arteries, arterioles, veins and capillaries
• Discuss the functional significance of the arteries, arterioles, veins and capillaries

Physiology

• Understand and measure cardiac output and explain factors controlling heart rate
• Understand the laws that affect blood flow and resistance
• Know factors involved in the regulation of arterial pressure
• Describe regional circulations and their methods of measurements
• Describe the types of shock and their pathophysiology
• Describe the mechanics of respiration and gas transfer

Heart as a Pump

• Define and measure cardiac output using Fick's principle and dye dilution
• Explain extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms controlling heart rate and stroke volume
• Describe venous return factors including respiratory and muscle pumps
• Understand cardiac and systemic function curves
• At the end of the lectures students should be able to understand and measure cardiac output

Biochemistry

• Understand how gaseous exchange occurs in the lung and in peripheral tissues
• Understand how gas is transported by blood and the functions of the proteins involved
• Describe the structure, function and oxygen-binding properties of hemoglobin
• Understand the basics of acid-base biochemistry and pH regulation

Hemoglobin and Gas Transport

• Describe the structure, function and oxygen-binding properties of hemoglobin
• Describe consequences of abnormalities in hemoglobin structure
• Describe the structure and function of myoglobin
• Understand the basics of acid-base biochemistry and pH regulation
• At the end of this lecture, students should be able to describe the structure of hemoglobin

Clinical Skills

• Observation of respiration at rest and after exercise
• Counting of ribs in a living subject
• Surface marking of lungs and pleura
• Measurements of chest expansion during respiration